Motor Neglect and Future Directions for Research

no information on how these patients are able to manage their activities of everyday living. Laplane and Degos (1983) suggest that increased determination on the part of the patient results in tasks eventually being performed (they describe patients with right hemisphere lesions using verbal strategies, while with left hemisphere lesions patients become “left-handed”). There are differential reports as to the frequency of motor neglect. Siekierka-Kleiser et al. (2006), report an incidence of 33% incidence in an acute stroke population with 74% of the motor neglect sample having right hemisphere lesions, while Buxbaum et al. (2004) report an incidence of 12% in an acute and 8% in a chronic stroke population (all patients in the Buxbaum study had right hemisphere lesions). According to Siekierka-Kleiser et al., patients with motor neglect show poor motor recovery over the first 7 days post-stroke relative to the patients without motor neglect; although a sub-group (26.3%) recovered well, and two of the sub-group had left hemisphere lesions. von Giesen et al. (1994), using positron emission tomography (PET) with four patients with motor neglect, demonstrated that while primary areas underlying the motor output system (the primary sensorimotor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum) were unimpaired, there was poor glucose uptake in premotor, prefrontal, parietal, and cingulate cortex areas, as well as the thalamus. This substantiates the clinical manifestation of normal muscle strength, reflexes, and sensation in motor neglect. von Giesen et al. hypothesized that the intact motor cortical output system is deprived of sensory information and the voluntary drive needed for movement execution (see also Laplane and Degos, 1983). Recent evidence implicating the parietal regions for movement generation comes from Desmurget et al. (2009). They conHere we present an opinion on “motor neglect,” one of the several scotomas in neglect research (Kerkhoff and Schenk, 2012). We describe what it is, outline its anatomical substrate, and its frequency in a stroke population. We outline evidence to suggest that motor neglect reflects the impaired ability to generate movements and discuss a possible rehabilitation technique which may target this particular deficiency. We feel that it is a timely “opinion.” Motor neglect may occur in the absence of visuospatial neglect (Laplane and Degos, 1983; Punt et al., 2005) and it can have a severe and detrimental effect on rehabilitation outcomes (Siekierka-Kleiser et al., 2006). “Motor neglect,” a term originally coined by Laplane and Degos (1983), refers to the underutilization of the affected limb compared to the healthy one following brain damage despite normal muscle strength, reflexes, and sensation. It may be distinguished from “directional hypokinesia” (originally described by Heilman et al., 1985) referring to slowness in the initiation of contralesional movements, reduced spatial exploration toward the contralesional side, and insufficient amplitude of contralesional limb movements. Patients with motor neglect typically underuse the contralesional side (even where this involves inconvenience); have little or no involvement of the contralesional limb in bimanual tasks (e.g., clapping, opening a bottle); have little or no involvement of the contralesional limb when automatically gesturing; however, they have relatively normal movement when encouraged specifically to use the contralesional limb (Laplane and Degos, 1983; Punt and Riddoch, 2006; Garbarini et al., 2012a,b). Unlike patients with hemiplegia, patients with motor neglect have no paresis, no increase in muscle tone, no pyramidal signs, or alterations in sensation (von Giesen et al., 1994). There is relatively trasted the effects of direct stimulation of parietal and premotor regions. Stimulation of inferior parietal regions (IPL) produced a desire to move without any overt movement being produced or EMG activity recorded in the concerned muscles. If the intensity of stimulation was increased, patients reported that movement had occurred; however, again, no actual movement or EMG activity was observed. Desmurget et al. argue that the “wanting to act feeling,” resulting from IPL stimulation, is indicative of intentions to move generated before any motor act (Desmurget and Sirigu, 2009, 2012; Desmurget et al., 2009). Sirigu et al. (2004) have also shown that lesions to the parietal lobe (involving the angular gyrus in particular) result in deficits in the subjective experience of wanting to move in a task where patients were free to execute a movement at a time of their own choosing. Thus, behaviorally, control participants demonstrated an anticipatory period prior to the actual movement, parietal patients reported the desire to movement at a time which was very close to the actual time movement was initiated. The inability to generate actions in motor neglect is illustrated in a recent study. Garbarini et al. (2012a,b) contrasted the performance of patients with motor neglect (and a lack of voluntary drive to initiate action but intact ability to execute motor acts) with patients with anosognosia (who show the reverse deficit, intact voluntary drive but impaired motor ability). While blindfolded, the patients had to draw circles and lines, either performing unimanual drawing movements (the right hand drew unilateral lines) or bimanual movements (the right hand drew lines and simultaneously, the left hand drew circles). They showed that bimanual spatial coupling, as found in normal subjects is not present in patients with motor neglect, although such coupling was Motor neglect and future directions for research